Efecto protector del aceite de plukenetia volubilis (sacha inchi) en la depresión inducida de ratones albinos / Protective effect of plukenetia volubilis (sacha inchi) oil on induced depression of albino mice

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto protector del aceite de Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi) en la depresión inducida a ratones albinos. Materiales y métodos: Los ratones fueron divididos en 4 grupos y recibieron durante 10 días las siguientes sustancias: Grupo N°01(n=6) Vehículo 5 ml/Kg/12h, Grupo Nº 02 (n=6): Fluoxetina 10 mg/Kg/24horas, Grupo Nº 03 (n=6): Aceite de sacha inchi 1g/kg/12 horas, Grupo Nº 04 (n=6): Aceite de sacha inchi 3g/kg/12 horas. Luego, fueron sometidos a la prueba de Nado Forzado, sumergiéndolos en una piscina cilíndrica durante 6 minutos y registrando el tiempo de inmovilidad. Los ratones sometidos a la prueba de Sujeción de cola fueron distribuidos de la misma manera y administrados con las mismas sustancias para después de 10 días ser suspendidos por el tercio distal de la cola registrándose el tiempo de inmovilidad. Resultados: Los ratones que recibieron el aceite de Plukenetia volubilis a dosis de 1g/kg y 3 g/kg presentaron menor tiempo de inmovilidad respecto al control para ambas pruebas, sólo teniendo el grupo con dosis 3 g/kg significancia estadística. En el nado forzado el tiempo de inmovilidad con dosis de aceite de 1g/kg y 3 g/kg fue 184,7 s y 108,0 s, respectivamente. Para la prueba de Sujeción de cola el tiempo de inmovilidad fue 118,33 s y 63,33 s para dosis de 1g/kg y 3g/kg respectivamente. Conclusiones: El aceite de Sacha Inchi administrado por vía oral a dosis de 3g/kg demostró efecto protector similar a fluoxetina, frente a la depresión inducida en los modelos animales empleados. (AU)

Objective: Evaluate protective effect of Plukenetia volubilis oil (Sacha Inchi) on induced depression in albino mice. Materials and methods: Mice were divided into 4 groups and received the following substances during 10 days: Group N°1 (n = 6) Vehicle 5 ml/Kg/12h, Group N°2 (n = 6): Fluoxetine 10 mg/Kg/24h, Group N°3 (n = 6): Sacha inchi oil 1 g/kg /12h, Group N°4 (n = 6): Sacha inchi oil 3 g/ kg/12 h. Then, they were subject to Forced Swimming test, submerging them in a cylindrical pool for 6 minutes and the immobility time was recorded. The mice subjected to the tail suspension test were distributed in the same way and administered with the same substances, after 10 days being suspended by the distal third of the tail, recording the immobility time. Results: The mice that received the Plukenetia volubilis oil at a dose of 1 g/kg and 3 g/kg had a shorter immobility time regarding control for both tests, and only the group with a dose of 3 g/kg had statistical significance. In forced swimming the immobility time with oil doses of 1 g/kg and 3 g/kg was 184.7 s and 108.0 s, respectively. For Tail suspension test, the immobility time was 118.33 s and 63.33 s for doses of 1g/kg and 3g/kg, respectively. Conclusions: Sacha Inchi oil administered orally at a dose of 3g/kg showed a protective effect similar to fluoxetine, against induced depression in the animal model used. (AU)

Aplicação de planejamento fatorial na oxidação de óleos contendo diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos ômega 3 / The use of factorial design to evaluate the oxidation of oils containing differents types of omega 3 fatty acids

Óleos contendo alta proporção de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3 FA) têm sido aplicados na formulação de alimentos ou comercializados como suplementos, com a finalidade de reduzir o risco cardiovascular, principalmente devido aos seus efeitos hipotriglicêmicos e anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, a susceptibilidade à oxidação dos n-3 FA é elevada, levando à formação de vários produtos secundários, incluindo alguns tóxicos e potencialmente aterogênicos. Por esta razão, compostos naturais com propriedades antioxidantes têm sido investigados com o objetivo de melhorar a estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos com alta proporção de n-3 FA. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a capacidade antioxidante de dois compostos naturais (ácido sinápico e hidrato de rutina) utilizando-se um modelo acelerado para oxidar os óleos. Foram combinados cinco indutores (Temperatura; Ferro- Fe2+; 2,2'-Azobis dicloridrato de 2-amidinopropano - AAPH; ascorbil palmitato - AP e 2,2'-azobis -2,4-dimetilvaleronitrilo - AMVN) em um delineamento fatorial (25-1) com ½ fração de "resolução V" para acelerar a oxidação de três óleos (linhaça, Echium e peixe) contendo diferentes fontes de n-3 FA: ácido α-linolênico (ALA), ácido estearidônico (SDA) e ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) + ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA), respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os marcadores de oxidação (LOOH e TBARS) estimados pelos modelos e os valores observados experimentalmente. Os indutores AMVN e Fe2+ foram os principais fatores responsáveis pelo aumento da concentração de TBARS. Os valores dos marcadores oxidativos obtidos 48 h após a indução foram semelhantes ou superiores àqueles observados nas amostras oxidadas a 60°C por 15 dias, sendo ambos maiores que os valores observados nas amostras de óleo frescas. Entre os compostos voláteis formados pela oxidação de diferentes fontes de n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4 -heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal e (E) -2-undecenal foram identificados em todas as amostras, podendo ser utilizados como marcadores oxidativos mais específicos. Utilizando o modelo de oxidação acelerada, o hidrato de rutina melhorou a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de peixe, provavelmente devido à presença de grupos catecol em sua estrutura química. Este estudo contribuiu para que ensaios mais rápidos fossem realizados na avaliação do efeito antioxidante de novas moléculas aplicadas em óleos funcionais comestíveis

Oils containing a high proportion of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have been used in the formulation of foods or sold as supplements, aiming to reduce cardio-vascular risks, mainly due to their hypotriglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, n-3 FA are highey susceptible to oxidation, leading to the formation of several products, including some toxic and potentially atherogenic. For this reason, natural products with antioxidant properties have been investigated to improve the oxidative stability of oils with a high proportion of n-3 FA. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of two natural compounds (sinapic acid and rutin hydrate), using an accelerated model to oxidize the oils. Five inducers were combined (Temperature, Iron-Fe2+, 2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-AAPH, Ascorbyl palmitate-AP and 2,2'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile-AMVN) in a factorial design (25-1) ½ fraction of "resolution V" to accelerate the oxidation of three oils (flaxseed, Echium and fish) containing different sources of n-3 FA: α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. There was no difference between the oxidation markers (LOOH and TBARS) estimated by the regression models and the values experimentally observed. The inducers AMVN and Fe2+ were the main factors responsible for the increase of TBARS concentration. The values of the oxidation markers obtained 48h after the induction were similar to or higher than those obtained when the samples were oxidized at 60°C for 15 days, both being more elevated than the values observed in the fresh oils. Among the volatile compounds formed by the oxidation of different sources of n-3 FA, (E, E) 2,4-heptadienal, (E, E) 2,4-decadienal, decanal, undecanal and (E)-2-undecenal were identified in all samples, and could be used as more specific oxidation markers. Using the accelerated model, rutin hydrate improved the oxidative stability of fish oil, probably due to the presence of catechol groups in its chemical structure. This study showed that faster anays could be performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of new molecules applied on edible functional oils

Incidência de fungos e germinação de sementes de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp) tratadas com óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) / Incidence of fungi and germination of cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp) treated with neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do óleo de nim no controle de fungos associados às sementes de feijão caupi e a influência deste produto na germinação de três cultivares (Serrinha, BR 17, e Maranhão). Foram preparadas diluições de 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 g dm 3-do óleo de nim em água destilada e testemunha, só com água. Os fungos foram identificados pelo método do papel de filtro e a germinação das sementes foi avaliada considerando as informações das Regras para Análise de Sementes. Foram utilizadas sementes de três cultivares de feijão-caupi: a cultivar Serrinha, proveniente da cidade de Timon-MA, a cultivar Maranhão, da cidade de Viana - MA, e a cultivar BR 17, obtida junto à Embrapa Meio Norte, na cidade de Teresina-PI. O crescimento de Fusarium sp. nas cultivares Maranhão e Serrinha foi reduzido em 52 e 53%, respectivamente e o índice de redução de Aspergillus sp. foi de 14 e 20% nas mesmas cultivares. Em relação aos fungos M. phaseolina e Phoma sp., observa-se que não foram inibidos em nenhuma das três cultivares. No que se refere à germinação das sementes nota-se que na cultivar Maranhão houve aumento no índice da germinação de 13 e 17,5% em relação à testemunha e, na cultivar Serrinha, somente a concentração 0,5% diferiu da testemunha com redução no índice de germinação de 6,49%. Conclui-se que o óleo de nim reduz a incidência de Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e é indiferente na redução de M. phaseolina e Phoma sp. O índice de germinação aumentou na cultivar Maranhão e diminuiu na cultivar Serrinha.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of neem oil on germination and fungi incidence on the seeds of three cowpea cultivars (Serrinha, BR 17 and Maranhão). Dilutions of 0.5; 1.0; 2.0, 4.0 g dm-3 of neem oil were prepared in water. The fungi incidence was evaluated by the filter paper test, and the germination was evaluated according to the Rules for Seeds Testing ("Regras para Análise de Sementes," in Portuguese). Seeds of three cowpea cultivars were used: Serrinha and Maranhão, from the cities of Timon and Viana, respectively, state of Maranhão, Brazil, and BR 17, from Embrapa Meio Norte (Terezina, state of Piaí, Brazil). The growth of Fusarium sp. on the seed of the Maranhão and Serrinha cultivars was reduced in 52 and 53%, respectively, and the reduction rate of Aspergillus sp. was 14 and 20%, on the same cultivars. However, the neem oil did not inhibit the growth of the fungi Macrophomina phaseolina and Phoma sp. in any of the three cultivars. With regard to the seed germination, an increase of 13 and 17.5% was observed in the Maranhão cultivar compared to control, while for the Serrinha cultivar, only the 0.5% concentration differed from the control, reducing the germination rate by 6.49%. We conclude that the neem oil was effective in controlling Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. On the other hand, it was ineffective against Phoma sp. and M. phaseolina. The germination increased in the Maranhão cultivar and decreased in the Serrinha cultivar.

Comparison of the efficacy of honey and animal oil in accelerating healing of full thickness wound of mice skin / Comparación de la eficacia de la miel y aceite animal en la aceleración de cicatrización de la herida en todo el espesor de la piel de ratón

There are some medications and procedures that can be used to accelerate the healing of skin wounds. Some studies have demonstrated improvement of burn wound healing with honey treatment. In other hand, based on traditional medicine have improved wound healing with animal oil. This study was done to compare the efficacy of animal oil and honey in accelerating healing of full thickness wound of skin in mice. In this experimental study 36 male NMRI mice were subjected to full-thickness skin wounds under general anesthesia. Animals were randomly allocated to receive either single daily applications of placebo, animal oil and honey (n=12 for each group) respectively. On 4th, 7th and 10th days, four mice from each group were sacrificed using an overdose of anesthetic. Macroscopic and Microscopic characteristic of wounds were studied pathologically and histologically. The findings of this study showed that formation of granulation tissue, density and activation of fibroblasts, keratinization in surface of wound and thickness of basement membrane and epidermis in Honey treatment group was more than animal oil group. Honey more than animal oil decreased inflammation, edema and dehiscence of wound in mice. The wound healing rate in honey group was higher than in animal oil group (p<0.05). This study showed that honey more than animal oil accelerates healing of full thickness wound of skin in mice.

Existen algunos medicamentos y procedimientos que pueden ser utilizados para acelerar la cicatrización de las heridas de la piel. Algunos estudios han demostrado una mejora en la curación de heridas de quemaduras con el tratamiento de miel. Por otra parte, sobre la base de la medicina tradicional, se ha mejorado la curación de heridas con aceite animal. Este estudio se realizó para comparar la eficacia del aceite animal y la miel en la aceleración de la cicatrización de la herida en todo el espesor de la piel en ratones. En este estudio experimental 36 ratones NMRI machos fueron sometidos a heridas de piel de espesor total bajo anestesia general. Los animales fueron asignados aleatoriamente para recibir aplicaciones únicas diarias de placebo, aceite animal o miel (n=12 para cada grupo), respectivamente. En los días 4, 7 y 10, cuatro ratones de cada grupo fueron sacrificados mediante una sobredosis de anestesia. Las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de las heridas fueron estudiados patológica e histológicamente. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que la formación de tejido de granulación, densidad y activación de fibroblastos, queratinización en la superficie de la herida, espesor de la membrana basal y la epidermis en el grupo de tratamiento con miel fue mayor que el grupo con aceite animal. La miel disminuyó más que el aceite animal la inflamación, edema y dehiscencia de la herida en los ratones. La tasa de cicatrización de la herida en el grupo con miel fue más alta que en el grupo de aceite animal (p<0,05). Este estudio demostró que la miel acelera más que el aceite animal la cicatrización de la herida en todo el espesor de la piel en ratones.

Pharmaceutical potentials of the oils of some popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria

Macrotermes bellicosus (MB), Imbrasia belina larva (IBL), Oryctes rhinoceros larva (OR) andRhynchophorus pheonicis (RP) larva oils were extracted, and the oils were physically and chemically characterized. The lipid content recorded for the insects were 31.46 ± 0.57%, 15.16 ± 0.18%, 14.87 ± 0.33% and 23.30 ± 0.33% (wet weight) for MB, IBL, OR and RP respectively. RP and OR insect oils were golden yellow, odourless and fluid at room temperature (26 ± 2oC), while that extracted from IBL and MB were of a lighter yellow colour. The insect lipids all gave a low solidification temperature and high iodine number indicating a relatively high level of unsaturation of the insect/larval oils. Their saponification values were high suggesting the presence of a fair amount of fatty acids but their acid values were low pointing to the fact that these fatty acids were not free but esterified acids. The cholesterol values were also low but highest in MB with a value of 41.8 ± 0.15 mg/100 g lipid. For all the insects, the neutral lipid fraction was the major fraction in the insect oils. RP had the highest neutral lipid fraction of 88.40 while MB had the least value of 69.87. At the same time MB had the highest phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 19.14 and 10.81 respectively while RP had the least phospholipids and glycolipid fractions with values of 8.20 and 2.60 respectively. For IBL, RP and OR (which are insect larvae) the major fatty acids in the oils were palmitic and oleic acids while for MB (mature insect) the major fatty acids were palmitic and linoleic acids. The insect/larval oils contained more unsaturated fatty acids which explained the high iodine number, low solidification values and the liquid nature of the oils at room temperature. OR recorded the highest level of unsaturation of 65.61 while MB had the least level of unsaturation of 50.02%. Further analysis revealed a refractive index ranging from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 1.3 ± 0.05, specific gravity of 0.84 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.01, solidification value of 10 - 14°C, total lipid phosphorus ranging from 31.0 ± 0.25 to 47.18 ± 0.03 mmmmg/gm lipid, acid value of 3.12 ± 0.55 to 3.6 ± 0.06, iodine value of 108 ± 0.15 to 140 ± 0.51, saponification value of 187.17 ± 0.55 to 198.9 ± 0.25 and unsaponifiable matter of 8.11 ± 0.02 to 12.04 ± 0.11. These values when compared with that observed in oils which have been considered to be of high quality and of much use in pharmaceutical industries suggest that these insect oils may have pharmaceutical potential

Comparaçäo do efeito da medicaçäo intracanal com pasta HPG (hidróxido de cálcio, paramonoclorofenol canforado e glicerina) e com óleo ozonizado, no tratamento endodôntico de dentes despolpados com lesäo perirradicular associada: estudo raadiográfico, histopatológico e histobacteriológico em cäes / Comparison of the effects of HPG paste (calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol and glycerine) or ozonizede oil used as intracanal medicaments in the treatment of pulpless teeth associated with periradicular lesions: a radiographic, histo

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar radiográfica, histológica e histobacteriologicamente o efeito da medicaçäo intracanal com o óleo ozonizado ou com a pasta de hidróxido de cálcio, paramonoclorofenol canforado e glicerina (HPG) no tratamento endodôntico de dentes despolpados com lesäo perirradicular associada. Foram utilizados 84 canais radiculares de pré-molares e incisivos inferiores de 6 cäes. Para a induçäo das lesöes perirradiculares, a polpa foi removida e o canal inoculado com Enterococcus faecalis, sendo os dentes em seguida selados coronariamente com resina composta fotopolimerizável por 90 dias. Decorrido este período foi realizado exame radiográfico e, uma vez constatado o desenvolvimento de lesäo perirradicular, procedeu-se o tratamento endodôntico. Os dentes submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico foram divididos em 3 grupos experimentais: tratamento dendôntico em sessäo única; tratamento em 2 sessöes com medicaçäo com HPG e tratamento em 2 sessöes com medicaçäo intracanal com óleo ozonizado. Como controles positivos foram utilizados os seguintes grupos: instrumentaçäo sem obturaçäo e dentes com infecçäo sem realizar tratamento; e como controle negativo, dentes com polpa viva tratados em sessäo única. Após o término do preparo químico-mecânico e decorridos 7 dias do curativo de demora com o óleo ozonizado ou com a pasta HPG, os canais foram obturados e as cavidades coronárias seladas com resina composta fotopolimerizável. Decorridos 180 dias após a obturaçäo, os dentes doram radiografados e os animais sacrificados por sobredose anestésica. As peças foram preparadas, fixadas em formalina a 10 por cento e posteriormente desmineralizadas em EDTA. Após o processamento histológico de rotina, os cortes com 5 µm de espessura foram corados por H. E. ou por Brown e Brenn. Tanto a análise radiográfica quanto a histolatológica e a histobacteriológica demonstraram que näo houve diferença significativa na resposta tecidual perirradicular aos dois medicamentos utilizados. Os resultados entäo sugerem que o óleo ozonizado tem o potencial de ser utilizado na endodontia como medicamento intracanal

Estudo farmacológico preliminar de copaifera multijuga (óleo de copaíba) / Study preliminary farmacologyc of the copaifera multijuga (copaiba oil)

O óleo de copaíba é amplamente utilizado na medicina popular, principalmente na Região Norte e Nordeste, devido suas propriedades medicinais como antiinflamatório, antibacteriano, anestésico, cicatrizante no tratamento de feridas, infecções pulmonares e bronquite crônica. Realizou-se a cromatografia gasosa visando identificar os componentes desse óleo e a destilação para obtenção de suas frações (óleo essencial e a resina da Copaifera Multijuga) para, posteriormente, associá-los como veículos ao hidróxido de cálcio, sem interferir nas suas propriedades biológicas, introduzindo assim, este óleo na Odontologia

Fat and oil inhibit phosphine release from aluminium phosphide--its clinical implication.

Poisoning by suicidal or accidental ingestion of aluminium phosphide (AlP) is a frequent medical emergency seen all over the world. AlP, a grain fumigant and rodenticide, on exposure to moisture, liberates highly toxic gas, phosphine. The rapidly inhibits mitochondrial respiration and has cytotoxic action. No specific antidote is known against it till date and prognosis depends much on dose and time lag between AlP ingestion and the stomach wash in the hospital (critical period). Physicochemical properties of AlP and nonmiscibility of fat and water promoted us to study the effect of different fats and oils as possible antidotes to inhibit phosphine liberation. In vitro experiments revealed that vegetable oils and liquid paraffin were much more effective than butter and ghee in inhibiting release of phosphine from AlP. These findings may have significant clinical implication.

Anti tumour and pharmacological effects of the oil from Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f.

Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f. nuts were extracted by using non-polar and polar organic solvents. Hot methanol extract and a resinous fraction, isolated from it, showed antitumour activity against P388 lymphocytic leukaemia in BDF1 mice as judged by their median survival time. Petroleum ether extract and its chromatographically isolated fraction were obtained. The latter fraction was distilled under reduced pressure to get an orange-coloured oil, (b.p. 200-20 degrees/2-3 mm). Both had antitumour activity. The orange-coloured oil, on further distillation under reduced pressure, yielded Bhilawanol. An acetyl derivative of the oil was also obtained. The latter two also had antitumour activity.

Cytotoxicity of the acetylated oil of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f.

The cytotoxic effects of acetylated oil of Semecarpus anacardium nuts on the cells of P388 lymphocytic leukemia were tested in vitro. The product was tested at the concentrations ranging from 15-75 micrograms/ml. The cell kill was observed as early as three hr after the treatment. The effects of acetylated oil on the biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein using labelled thymidine, uridine and leucine respectively showed that the product inhibited the biosynthesis of all the three. This was indicated by the inhibition of the incorporation of their precursors. The uptake of 3H-thymidine was inhibited 15 min after treatment; while that of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine took 30 and 45 min respectively. Since the S. anacardium oil was unstable due to air-oxidation, the studies were confined to its acetylated product.